VMware ESXi on GIGABYTE Mother Boards

Finally, I succeeded to boot up VMware ESXi on my GIGABYTE M/B box.


Picture 1. VMware ESXi initial boot up screen

It looks like there are not a small number of people struggling with ESXi, USB stick and GIGABYTE mother boards. So, this post might be useful for them.

In case of me, I built my PC about 3 years ago, and so the mother board is a very old one, GA81945G Pro. Furthermore, I think it's a Japanese local version. But, still I think the knowhow below is applicable to other GIGABYTE mother boards.

I just followed a workaround described here. Unfortunately, it's written in Japanese, but the summery is like the following.

Here is the procedure:

(a) In case your mother board BIOS has a "USB HDD emulation mode" for USB sticks

1. Turn it on, and boot from your USB stick.

(b) In case your mother board does not have the emulation mode
(It looks like GIGABYTE M/Bs usually do not have this.)

1. Get an IDE HDD
2. Write the ESXi boot image onto the IDE HDD
   
   • ESXi boot image is contained in 'INSTALL.tgz' in your ESXi CD image
   • The file name is 'usr/lib/vmware/installer/VMware-VMvisor-big-3.5.0_Update_3-123629.i386.dd.bz2' or like this.
     
   • As it's bzip2 compressed, extract it and write it using dd command.
3. Get a USB stick
4. Write the ESXi boot image onto the USB stick too.
5. Setup your BIOS to boot up from the IDE HDD, not the USB stick
6. Plug both the IDE HDD and the USB stick
7. Power on!

I'm not sure why the above procedure works well, but I guess the picture 4 below implies ESXi boot image looks for filesystems on the USB stick even when it's booted up from an IDE HDD.


Picture 2. Installation failure message


Picture 3. Boot up failure message in case of USB stick boot


Picture 4. Boot up failure message in case HDD boot without the USB stick with ESXi image

VMFS Driver?

I didn't know that there was an open source VMFS driver, a cluster filesystem intended for virtualization environment by VMware.

• http://www.virtualization.info/2009/03/ghost-of-past-develops-open-source-vmfs.html (English)
• http://www.virtualization.info/jp/2009/03/vmfs20090309-1.html (Japanese)

After having a look at the project:

• http://code.google.com/p/vmfs/

I was a bit surprised because it's implemented in user land. Furthermore, written in Java!
It looks like it's intended for WebDAV access for the content of VMFS volumes. But, I'm wondering why they need such a software. Perhaps, managing VMFS volumes disconnected from VI Infrastructure fabric by their products? I'm not sure...

Well, anyway what I would do next is writing a (possibly) Linux kernel modules doing the same thing. :o

Purple Screen?

Well, it's not blue screen, but purple screen. (!?)
The screen seems to be called PSOD, "Purple Screen of Death."

As I wrote yesterday, I got a trouble in installing VMware ESXi using my PentiumD(!) box with a bit old Intel 945G based GIGABYTE M/B. Not only installing ESXi locally but even booting up from a USB stick failed. :(

So, I was checking if I can boot up VMware ESXi from the USB stick on my ThinkPad X61 to see which of the USB stick or others causes the problem.
The boot process on the ThinkPad succeeded, and it's OK so far.

But, I saw the above purple screen when I shutdown the ESXi.
What was wrong? :(

BTW, I found an interesting screenshot in Flicker.
16Way Opteron!
Amazing...

One more thing.
It seems that Vista also has PSOD and RSOD!?
I would like a Green Screen of Death for the heaven. :)

Windows 2008 Server R2 and VMware ESXi

Finally, I had an enough time to work on my tower PC and installed Windows 2008 Server R2 Beta. Of course, I'm interested in Hyper-V.



Actually, I tried Windows 2008 Server about one year ago but I got a fatal trouble in installing that saying "Cannot find Install.wim" even I can find the file on the burnt DVD disc using Windows XP. After all, I gave up R1(?) in those days and time flies... :(
Anyway, I'm on the start line, and the next thing I have to do is making more *time*, not money... :o

One more thing about Windows 2008. I didn't know that Windows 2008 supports resizing, especially shrinking partition size. The right above picture shows logical disk manager window of Japanese version Windows. Thus, I don't need 'ntparted' included in KNNOPIX anymore.

BTW, today I tried to install also VMware ESXi, but the right below picture is what I got.
Trouble after trouble.
Sigh... :(

Day 517 : Ouch!

Haha, this is a snapshot when we went out shopping today. :)
It looks like that she understands she has to watch her step but needs some time to control herself enough. :o

Rika-Kei no Bungaku-Shi

Rika-Kei no Bungaku-Shi (理科系の文学誌)
Hiroshi Aramata
ISBN 978-4875020653

I don't know if there is an English translation of the book.
One tentative English title of the book could be "A Bibliography for Science Students."
But, in Japanese, the word "Rika-Kei" is often used to describe people with sense of natural science. Or in other word, science minded ones.
Thus, more literally it could be "A Bibliography for People with Sense of Science" not "Science Student."

The author, Hiroshi Aramata, is famous for Sci-Fi novels in Japan. For example, "Teito Monogatari" series. Among his wide range works, this book is categorized into critics, and that treats mainly science fiction and fantasy works.

It's more than 15 years ago when I knew this book, and now I greatly regret that I didn't read the book in those days.

Aramata mentions very wide range of topics in the book, but he essentially emphasizes that natural science and literature were not so separated in old days. In other word, literature was one of the most important part of human activities and had power to describe the world since ancient days.

In the book, he begins his discussion from mainly fantasy and Sci-Fi works and gives us very deep insights on various topics. For example, theory of space and time, sociology, linguistics, cryptography, psychology and theory of evolution...

Among his thoughts, the most amazing thing for me is that he pointed out that there is a possibility of horizontal inheritance intermediated by viruses not only conventional vertical inheritance by genes about 30 years ago. Furthermore, he got the idea purely through his speculations around literature and natural science. It's really amazing...

Non Stop KY?

This morning we got a railway trouble in Tokyo. I had to wait about 30 minutes for recovery around the station and saw the above drop curtains.

In Japan, for these two or three years, we often use a phrase Ku-Ki Yomenai (空気読めない) (Wikipedia entry in Japanese) which roughly means "Spoiling the atmosphere" to describe such a person. Maybe that reflects tendency of Japanese people placing greater value in cooperativeness than individuality. But, it's not the point today.

As it's well known, we Japanese love making everything short, small and light.
So, "Ku-ki Yomenai" is often reffered as an abbreviation, KY.

Here, I guess you understand what I felt looking at the light blue drop curtain with a huge "KY" this morning. :o

Well, the above "KY" stands for "Kakaku Yasuku" (Cheap Price), but I'm wondering that the advertising strategy is almost a gamble...

Day 512 : Girl's Day

Today is the second girl's day of my daughter.
Like last year's case, Grandma came to Tokyo to see her grand daughter with a lot of souvenirs which she bought mainly at Tsukiji market. :)

It's amazing that one year has rolled on since the last girl's day, and my daughter is now one year and a half years old. We are expecting soon she begins to speak and we will be exhausted by her questions, tricks and almost every thing she does.

BTW, what about every breath she takes?
Haha, I'm not sure...

Day 509 : Stroll Around

Today, we went to a bicycle shop to see a new one which has a child seat for my wife.
The shop is located really close to our house, and of course, we walked to the shop together.
The above is a snapshot of then.

It was a really cold day today, but my daughter seemed to have enjoyed the small quest. :)

BTW, it seems to be still difficult for my daughter waking straight even if a walk is only slightly sloped from side to side. :o

Pluto 7

Pluto 7
Naoki Urasawa
ISBN 978-4-09-182386-1

Today, I got the 7th book of Pluto by Naoki Urasawa on my way back home. :)

In this book, the story reaches the most interesting part.

Epsilon, the last survivor of the 7 greatest robots in the world, met Pluto finally.
Dr. Tenma, who created Atom, played his best (perhaps worst?) card.
And so, Atom, who was thought to be dead, recovered consciousness.

In the end of this book, it's indicated that the problem is not about just robot world, but more large scale crisis for every single life on the earth.

I'm looking forward to reading the next book. :)

Kludge

Kludge -- The Haphazard Construction of the Human Mind (脳はありあわせの材料から生まれた)
Gary Marcus
ISBN 978-4-15-208997-7 (Japanese Translation)

I thought this book is about evolutionary theory of brains at first.
But, Gary Marcus, author of the book, is a psychologist, and this book focuses on characteristic features of human mind and its relationship with history of human (brain) evolution.

Our brains are consists of mainly two parts.
One is very old one, paleocortex, which rules instinctive and involuntary activities.
The other is a relatively new one, neocortex which rules higher level activities such as rational nature.

Here, one more important point is that the multiple layer structure was not designed from scratch. According to mutations and natural selection, the above structure of us survived just because it had an advantage in the evolutionary processes. In this sense, Marcus says "Kludge" to describe the design of human brain. Furthermore, we need to concentrate or calm down to use the functions of neocortex. That often leads us doing irrational things especially when they appeals to our instinct.

Marcus also mentions that neocortex was developed too quickly.
That's why it's difficult for us to make full use of neocotex.
Maybe we need hundreds of more centuries to do so. :o

Thus, it's different from my expectation, but anyway I enjoyed the book. :)

The Universe Next Door

The Universe Next Door (奇想、宇宙をゆく)
Marcus Chown
ISBN 4-393-32216-9 (Japanese translation)

In this book, Marcus Chown tells us amazing ideas around theoretical physics
especially how we can understand the universe and the origin of life.

For example:

• Some scientist suggests that quantum theory can be induced from the theory of general relativity!?
• Some scientist suggest that in the universe there can be regions where time goes by in reverse direction!?
• Some scientists support panspermia hypothesis seriously. That is, we can find out the origin of life outside the earth!
• Some scientists think it possible that some kinds of life form can live in the space!
• Nowadays, not a small number of scientists support many world interpretation!
• Nowadays, it's almost consensus that the space-time consists of more than 4 dimensions.
  

and so on.

Actually, when Einstein proposed the theory of relativity, almost no one believed the theory, but now his theories form indispensable basis of theoretical physics.

I'm wondering if I can hear news that the origin of life was finally discovered
or the ultimate theory of everything was finally completed during my life. :)

New HDD

Today, I went to Shinjuku and bought a Seagate ST31000333AS (1TB, SATA2) driver.
It's almost 6 months since I planned to add one more HDD to my PentiumD box because I wanted to install VMware ESXi and do performance measurement using a small program I wrote before. Oh well, of course, the primary constraint which made it difficult for me doing the investment was budget... :o

The next problem is that if I can really make time doing that. In other word, if my daughter gives me time... :o

Day 501 : Happy Hacking Girl?

Haha, my daughter seems to be Happy Hacking!
Well, of course, she is typing her father's Happy Hacking Keyboard. :)

But, my dauther, I do not recommend that you would be a programmer... :o

Day 495 : St. Valentin's Day?

It's St. Valentin's Day today. In also Japan, there is a strange custom that girls give chocolates to boys on the day like mainly western countries.
It's too early to expect that my daughter gives me chocolates, but it's enough to see the above smile. :)

BTW, it was her first(?) outdoor quest since her adventure of 3 days ago was at a shopping mall, and it means that we can't look away from her anymore when we take her somewhere. :(

Rhythms of Life

Rhythms of Life
Russel Foster and Leon Kreitzman
ISBN 4-8222-8161-9 (Japanese Translation)

As I wrote several times, I've been reading books on evolutionary theory recently.
I felt that biological clock is one of the most fundamental function of life, and I wanted to know the origin of that. How it was formed and developed.
Kreizman's book describes history of study of rhythms of life, especially circadian rhythm, and its current status in detail. He covers very wide variety of topics around biological clock from genetic level to macroscopic level.

After all, the origin of the rhythms does not seem to be clear even now.
I was disappointed a bit to know that, but after thinking a while, I thought it's no wonder because the very early stage of the origin of life is still in cloud.

I'm wondering which is earlier researchers reveal the origin of life or the mechanism of intelligence...

Finished on 2009/02/13.

TOEIC '09 Winter

As I wrote several times, I have TOEIC exams biannually in Summer and Winter.
It's about 10 days ago this Winter, and today I got the result.

I got 50 points down, and anyway I need to have chances to speak in English. :(

Guin Saga 125

The Decision of Destiny
Guin Saga 125
Kaoru Kurimoto
ISBN 978-4-030947-3

Finally, 125!
BTW, compared to its title, in this volume the story is not so dramatic, I think.
But, the story line has been finally connected to the first book of the Guin Saga side stories, The Seven Magi. Maybe the decision made in the last of this book could affect the history of the world greatly.

Day 492 : Through the Looking Glass, and what Ayako Found There

This is another snapshot at the shopping mall.
I and my wife love it very much. :)

Of course, the title comes from "Through the Looking Glass, and what Alice Found There."
In a sense, it was like "Ayako's Adventure in Wonderland" what she saw today. :)

Day 492 : Walking Around

Today is another memorial day of my daughter.

We went to a shopping mall today, and there we let our daughter walk around as she likes.
It was greatly beyond our expectation because she kept walking around in the mall almost an hour!

Anyway, she stepped out in to the new world. :)

Day 489 : English Speaking Car

We bought not only the child gate but also some toys at Babiesrus yesterday.
On our way back home, a toy cell phone seemed to catch her fancy greatly.
But, one day later, she loves the car above. :)

The car has various gimmicks. Especially, it has a keyboard with 26 alphabets and when she presses the keys it sings songs of alphabets in English. Furthermore, it speaks various phrases.
It's about 4000yen, and we feel it a very reasonable price. :)

Day 488 : Child Gate

In these days, my daughter often tries to force her way(!?) into kitchen, especially when her mother is cooking. Of course, hat makes my wife very much angry. :(

Thus, today we went to Babiesrus and bout a child gate finally.
It was a very good decision at least for me because my wife does not get angry after setting up the gate. :o

Mean Genes

Mean Genes (いじわるな遺伝子)
Terry Burnham and Jay Phelan
ISBN 4-14-080660-5 (Japanese Translation)

Simply speaking, the essential point of the book is that human beings have evolved too rapidly and thus there are a lot of conflicts between contemporary culture/society and

For example, for human beings abour tens of years ago, the only way preparing for starvation was eating foods in front of them anyway. The nature has not been changed at all, and that's why diet is very much difficult and painful for most of us. :o

In the end of the book, authors suggest several ideas resisting :o our instinct. But, may be they are a bit optimistic...

What IS LIFE? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell

What IS LIFE? - The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell (生命とは何か？)
Erwin Schroedinger
ISBN 978-4004160809

I majored in elementary particle physics theory when I was a graduate student, and so in those days I worked on various kinds of Shroedinger's equations. Needless to say, Shroedinger is one of the greatest physicists of the 20th century as Landau awarded him as rank 1.

But, I didn't know that he left a monument in also biology especially in study on the definition of life and on the origin of life.

First of all, he defined a life as an entity which eats Negative Entropy.
This was a revolutionary new idea with deep insight and influenced bio science world greatly.
Second, he discussed the nature of genetic material and expressed that as "acyclic crystal" more than 10 years before Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA.

Really, amazing...

Survival of the Sickest

Survival of the Sickest
Dr. Sharon Moalem with Jonathan Prince
ISBN 978-4-14-0812256-3 (Japanese Translation)

There is not a small number of genetic diseases.
Here, if Darwin's evolutionary theory is correct, why they have survived the natural selection?
I think it would be a popular question for medical and biological scientists.

Moalem's book answers the question clearly, and he tells us various aspects of human history from a view point of evolution. Especially, the primary keywords are "an effect and a side effect."
In other word, evolution gives us new features successively, but as it's based on mutations, usually they are not designed with long term perspectives. That's the point.

So, IMHO, this book is interesting and worth reading.

BTW, the Japanese title "迷惑な進化" literally means "annoying evolution" or "troublesome evolution."
I love it. :)

Day 460 : Where is Mom?

Hahaha, her grandma seems to love the picture above. :)

Collapse

COLLAPSE -- How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed --
Jared Diamond
ISBN 4-7492-1464-2 (Japanese translation, book1)
ISBN 4-7492-1465-0(Japanese translation, book2)

Jared Diamond, author of this book has various titles, evolutionary biologist, biogiographer, nonfiction author and so on. In this book, he describes the reasons why various societies failed or succeeded to survive.

I didn't know that now history of Easter Island is well understood, and also secret of its famous giant statues, moai, was revealed. When I was a child, I read that moais were built by ancient Atlantis people. Yes, it was a dreaming story, but actually it was a problem of economy between humans and nature after all.

BTW, Japanese title and subtitle of this book is "文明崩壊 --滅亡と存続の命運を分けるもの--."

The Cognitive Gene

The Cognitive Gene (考える遺伝子)
Yukihiko Makino
ISBN 4-7835-0204-8

Makino, author of the book, is a doctor, not an evolutionary biologist. But, he seems to have been fascinated by wonders of nature especially insects since he was a small child, and he covers wide variety of evolutionary theories. Readers might be a bit confused because he describes wide range topics of evolutionary theory and furthermore mentions his own philosophy repeatedly. But, I think the core message of his book can be summarized like the following:

• There must be some driving principles in origin and evolution of life besides mutations and natural selection.
  

I guess its title, the Cognitive Gene, comes from his perspective above.

I know that not a small number of Neo-Darwinists would attack the viewpoints like Makino's, but still I think the book is worth reading to get a overall perspective of evolutionary biology.

BTW, unfortunately there does not seem to be an English translation.
One more thing is that the book is out of print now. :(
Anyway, we have to look for the book at a library.

Day 442 : A Hat?

Oh, well.
What are you putting on? :o

Actually, the bag is for her toys. :)

Riddle of the Cambrian Explosion

Riddle of the Cambrian Explosion (カンブリア爆発の謎)
Yoshiyuki Usami (宇佐美義之)
ISBN 978-4-7741-3417-8

This book is about Riddle of the Cambrian Explosion which means an explosion of number of species on the earth about 530 million years ago.

Recently, I'm reading various books on evolutionary theory, and at first I expected detailed discussion about the reason why it happened. But, this book describes various creatures of those days and author's work on bionomics of anomalocaris based on numerical simulation.

Basically, I enjoyed the history of strange ancient creatures, but I'm looking for books concentrating on more detailed theories of evolution. :)

Day 440 : A Spoon

Recently, my daughter began to use a spoon when she has a meal, especially desserts like strawberries or apples.

At first, we expected that she would show us some kind of ritual like before. But, she didn't this time, and I'm wondering why... :o

In Memory of Akihisa Yamamura

Today, a friend of mine passed away.
He was only 41 years old.

We were class mates about 20 years ago in our high school days.
In those days, he was the hero of the school.

He played as the center midfielder of soccer football and controlled over the games.
It was like a magic for me when he trapped a soccer ball with a very soft touch, and it was unbelievable that he saw very much wide area of the field and created chances.
Among his team mates, there was Masashi Nakayama who got the first goal of Japanese national team at the FIFA World cup in France later.

Yes, he was really impressive man and stood well apart and above any crowd.

But now, we can't talk with him again anymore.

I pray for the repose of his soul.

Health Screening

Today, I had an annual health screening.

It was weight which was the most impressive among the results.
Last year, my weight was about 84Kg.
But, now it's about 76Kg.
8Kg down! :)

But the doctor said, "Well, it's OK. But, you need to lose 6 more Kilograms." :(

BTW, I didn't do any kind diet things.
One reason could be my daughter. It's really running out of gas taking care of her. :o

Guin Saga 124

The Worshipper's Way
Guin Saga 124
Kaoru Kurimoto
ISBN 978-4-15-030943-5

Google Infrastructure

Google Infrastructure (グーグルを支える技術)
Keisuke Nishida
ISBN 978-4-7741-3432-1

This book seems to be one of best seller IT books in Japan this year.
The English title above is not official one, but my translation.
I'm not sure if the wording has good sense or not, but anyway I think it describes the book enough.

The preface of the book says, "What Google has done is taking future computing in advance."
But, I do not subscribe to this point of view. IMHO, essential points of what Google has done are:

• Make good decisions on various trade-offs
• Concentrate on what they really needed
  

and that's all. It's depends on what kind of goal a company shoots for whether a decision is good or not, or what is needed for a company, I think.
So, I'm wondering if my employer can learn from Google's success now.

Day 419 : Shout!

Hahaha, this snapshot catches an interesting moment.
I'm wondering what she says looking at the above picture when she grew up. :)

Quantum Evolution

Quantum Evolution
Johnjoe MacFadden
ISBN 4 -320-03424-4 (Japanese Transration)

After finishing Dawkins' the Extended Phenotype, I wanted to know more recent results around evolutionary theory and chose the book. Mainly, it's because I studied elementary particle physics when I was a graduate student and felt it's natural taking quantum theory into consideration of origin and evlolution of life.

When I was a high school student, I read Oparin's book which explains an idea that life was created in primodial atomosphere. Here, the first life form must have been a kind of protains with self-reprodusive property.

Here, so far as we know a self-reprodusive protain is composed of at least 20 amino acids, and there are 20 kinds of amino acids. That means there are 20^20 possible combinations, and it's a 26 digits number...
The point is that it's extremely rare for a self-reproducive protain produced by chance.

McFadden tries to solve the problem by using inverse quantum zeno effect, but the idea seems to be very much controversial, and even for me, a bad student of physics, it's unreasonable and Panspermia hypothesis sounds more likely.

Bought on 2008/11/03.

Day 412 : The First 5 Steps

Well, today is a memorial day for our family.
Our daughter finally walked by herself for the first time.
I love her proud look above. :)

This is a small step for her, but a giant leap for the family. :o)

Blue Screen

Oops.
I have not seen the blue screen in a long while.

Today I saw it when I was trying to connect a 17-inch external LCD to my ThinkPad X61 and make it dual-display system at work.

What the problem was that the primary display and the secondary one were exchanged after the crash. That is, I had to keep the external LCD connected to use my ThinkPad. :o
After struggling one hour or so, finally I could work out so that the primary display points to the onboard LCD panel.

But, one hour was a great loss today. :(

Day 408 : Peek-a-Boo

Recently, I play peek-a-boo with my daughter several times a day.
She really loves that. :)

The above is a snapshot when she (not me) did peek-a-boo this morning. :)
BTW, I'm wondering if it's better to say "Hide-and-Seek" this case...

A Strange Object

Today, I saw a strange object when I took a walk with my daughter.
The object was located on top of a fence along a street close to my house.
That thing itself is quite common in our daily life, but it might be better to say that the situation was strange.

Here are pictures of the thing. :o



Yes, it's a punpkin. :o

My wife asked me why I took the pictures, but I'm wondering how can one ignore that.
Almost irresistible. :o

Third Degree

Third Degree
Greg Iles
ISBN 978-0-340-92059-6

The latest paperback of Greg Iles.
I like Iles' books mainly because he has wide range and deep background knowledge and he develops plots nicely quick.

But reading this book, I felt its plot development is a bit slow. Maybe there are two reasons why I felt so. Firstly, the story is set mainly in one house and throughout the book tense atmosphere keeps going a bit monotonically. Secondly, Iles didn't write from a viewpoint of the male leading character at all. Here, I mean a doctor, the husband of another female leading character, by that.

Maybe the doctor is not the leading character, but still I'm feeling it better giving readers to understand the psychology of the tragic doctor.

Anyway, I'm waiting for his next novel, Devil's Punchball, in paperback which is scheduled in this July. Ah, well, it's because I usually read books mainly in trains, not because I want to save money. :o

Bought on 2008/09/22
Finished on 2008/11/07

Day 392 : Stand Up!

In these weeks, my daughter stood up by herself for a minute or so sometimes.

Today, I succeeded to catch the instant finally. :)

Hakodate Ramen Shio-no-Kura

Today's lunch at Hakodate Ramen Shio-no-Kura(函館ラーメン塩の蔵) in Kokubunji station building.



Actually, I don't like it well. :(

Day 390 : Preparation for Winter

Today, we went to Kokubunji and bought a lot of clothes for our daughter at GAP, again. :)



Especially, my wife wanted a down jacket. But above black one seems to be a bit too big, and looked like the down jacket was walking, not our daughter. :o

The Extended Phenotype

The Extended Phenotype --- The Gene as the Unit of Selection ---
Richard Dawkins
ISBN 4-314-00485-1

This is the second book of Richard Dawkins, and it says basically the same thing with his first book: the primary unit of natural selection is the gene. The essential new point of Dawkins in this book is that a phenotype of a gene can appear in other individuals which actually do not carry the gene. In other word, genes can cause effects remotely.

At first, I thought that this could relate genes and memes, but it was a hasty conclusion.
Meme does not follow even the central dogma of biology. Here I mean that in case of Meme acquired characteristic can be inherited against the case of Gene. Thus, there must be different theories from the ones of Gene. Anyway, I need to read some literature on Meme, for example, ones by Susan Blackmore.